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Database Development

Database development is just one part of software engineering, the process of developing and maintaining software. Relational database systems underpin the majority of the managed data storage in computer systems.

The database development process comprises a series of phases. The major phases in database development life cycle are:

• Planning
• Analysis
• Design
• DBMS Selection
• Implementation
• Maintenance

A number of database architectures exist. Many databases use a combination of strategies. Databases consist of software-based "containers" that are structured to collect and store information so users can retrieve, add, update or remove such information in an automatic fashion. Database programs are designed for users so that they can add or delete any information needed. The structure of a database is tabular, consisting of rows and columns of information.

The standard of business computing , relational databases are the most commonly used database today. It uses the table to structure information so that it can be readily and easily searched through.

A database model is a theory or specification describing how a database is structured and used. Several such models have been suggested.

Common models include:
• Hierarchical model
• Network model
• Relational model
• Entity-relationship
• Object-relational model
• Object model

A data model is not just a way of structuring data: it also defines a set of operations that can be performed on the data. The relational model, for example, defines operations such as select, project, and join. Although these operations may not be explicit in a particular query language, they provide the foundation on which a query language is built.

Types of Databases:-
Operational database
Analytical database
Data warehouse
Distributed database
End-user database
External database
Hypermedia databases on the web
Navigational database
In-memory databases
Document-oriented databases
Real-time databases
Relational Database

The life cycle of a relational database is the cycle of development and changes that a database goes through during the course of its life. The cycle typically consists of several stages. There is a possibility that the database designer/developer can go back to any of the previous stages. The typical eleven stages involved in the life cycle of a relational database are as follows:

Process:
1. The designer must try to obtain as complete as possible an understanding of the real world problem that is going to be helped by the introduction of a database.
2. The entity relationship diagram is drawn, and this diagram in its modified form serves as an essential part of the logical schema.
3. Normalization is used to check the entity-relationship model.
4. Set of Table(s) definition for the required schema is finalized.
5. The database tables are created. Primary, Foreign keys, database constraints and database integrity rules are specified at this stage.
6. At this stage, the file organization is performed. File organization is the way the database relations are to be stored on the storage medium.
7. The designer will be able to design the required queries at this stage.
8. At this stage, application screens are designed. The application screens are used to capture the input information that will be kept in the database.
9. Report design is another area where input from users is paramount.
10. Testing is performed at this stage.
11. The final stage is Handover. This is the stage where the users receive the finished database and applications and begin data entry.